I. NATURAL AND SUPERNATURAL REALITY Both those who could choose a form of life and those who had to accept the ones which the system of prevailing social relations imposed on them contributed – actively or passively – to shaping...
[Leer más]

I. THE EXPANSION OF THE ROMANO-GERMANIC AREA INTO THE PERIPHERY Having, until now, faced towards the Mediterranean basin, the Romano-Germanic area underwent a fundamental upheaval, beginning in the eighth century. While the advent of the Muslims significantly restricted Christian kingdoms’...
[Leer más]

The Romano-Germanic area’s expansion towards the periphery was at once the cause and effect of multiple complex processes. Bound up with it was the commercial revolution, the intense economic shift that would profoundly alter the traditional ways of life and...
[Leer más]

I. POPULATION GROWTH AND MOBILITY The development of economic life was accompanied by a process of expansion and diversification of society. If new prospects emerged and could be exploited, it was because the efforts of dense social groups helped bring...
[Leer más]

Both at the level of real-life situations and of ideas, the process of the bourgeois revolution had, in the period that runs from its outbreak in the eleventh century to the crisis in the first half of the fourteenth century,...
[Leer más]

Throughout the imperial period, the border of the West Roman area had frequently been crossed by Germanic groups abandoning regions they were settled in to work their way into the Empire and participate in its life in one way or...
[Leer más]

The new order that was beginning to emerge with the establishment of the Carolingian Empire summarised the tendencies of the different traditions and various ethnic and social groups acting within it, and went on developing there by virtue of the...
[Leer más]